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Quantum Mechanics is a fundamental theory in physics that provides a description of the physical properties of nature at the scale of atoms and subatomic particles. It is the foundation of all quantum physics including quantum chemistry, quantum field theory, quantum technology, and quantum information science.
Some key concepts in quantum mechanics include:
- Wave-Particle Duality: According to this principle, every particle can be described as both a particle and a wave. This duality is demonstrated by experiments such as the double-slit experiment.
- Superposition: A system can exist in multiple states simultaneously until it is measured, at which point it collapses into one of the possible states.
- Entanglement: Two or more particles can become entangled, meaning their states are correlated even when separated by large distances. Measuring one particle's state will instantly determine the state of the other, no matter how far apart they are.
- Uncertainty Principle: It is impossible to know both the position and momentum of a particle with absolute precision; the more precisely one property is known, the less precise the other becomes.
- Quantization: Many properties in the quantum world come in discrete amounts or "quanta". For example, energy levels of certain systems are quantized, only taking on specific values.
- Probabilistic Interpretation: The best predictions about quantum systems involve probabilities rather than certainties. The Born rule assigns these probabilities based on the square moduli of the amplitudes associated with each potential outcome.
Quantum mechanics has been extremely successful in its predictive power, accurately describing phenomena from the behavior of individual particles to complex chemical reactions. However, due to its counterintuitive principles, it remains one of the most challenging areas of physics to understand fully.
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