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Isomerism is a fundamental concept in chemistry that describes molecules with the same chemical formula but different arrangements of atoms. Isomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures and properties. Structural isomers have the same number and arrangement of atoms, but different spatial orientations. Stereoisomers have the same arrangement of atoms, but different spatial orientations, such as cis-trans isomers.
Key points of isomerism:
- Isomers have the same chemical formula: This means that they have the same number of atoms of each element.
- Isomers have different structures: This means that they have different arrangements of atoms.
- Isomers have different properties: This includes physical properties such as melting point and boiling point, as well as chemical properties such as solubility and reactivity.
- Structural isomers: Have the same arrangement of atoms but different spatial orientations.
- Stereoisomers: Have the same arrangement of atoms, but different spatial orientations. There are two main types of stereoisomers: cis-trans isomers and enantiomers.
- Cis-trans isomers: Have the same arrangement of atoms but different orientations of substituents on the same carbon atom.
- Enantiomers: Have the same arrangement of atoms but different orientations of substituents on adjacent carbon atoms. They are mirror images of each other and are not superposable.
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